Monday, 1/11 - Lecture 3: Ocean Dynamics

Carbon-Nitrogen Budgets, Ocean Acidification, Climate Change - Past, Present and Future Risks and Uncertainties.

•  Introduction to Ocean Sciences by Douglas A. Segar, CRITICAL CONCEPTS (p. 453-501). This will be a review for many of you, so we do not expect a thorough reading. Review the high-level concepts and look more closely into those which you are not already familiar with (Optional)
  
• Ocean Currents and Climate Change - a video synthesis.... Visualizing Ocean Currents and Eddies in a High-Resolution Global Ocean-Climate Models - this is a must watch.... more than once! (5 minutes, required)
•  Doney, S.C. et al., 2012, Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystems; Annual Reviews of Marine Science, 4:11-37. You should be able to access with your UW credentials (required)

• Recent Information on Climate Change Concerns in the USA. Spend some time on this website educating yourself on the kinds of educational tools provided by NOAA (optional)‍
• Demystifying Ocean Acidification and Biodiversity Impacts - California Academy of Sciences 2014. Why are the oceans becoming more acidic and how does that threaten biodiversity?   Human activities produce excessive Carbon Dioxide and much of it is absorbed by the oceans, where it is converted to an acid (optional)

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Wednesday, 1/13 - Lecture 4: Exponential/Technological Change

• Soul of the Sea: In the Age of the Algorithm, Gregory Stone & Nishan Degnarain (2017). A brief synopsis by Medium. Please read Chapter 5: Teetering on the Edge of the Next Industrial Revolution (10 pages, required)
• TED Talk (2017) Garry Kasparov…Chess Grand Master - How he views the future of Machine Intelligence twenty years after losing one of two chess games to IBM's Big Blue Computer. Very insightful, very candid, and upbeat toward the future (15 minutes, required)
• The Economist, Technology Quarterly, Ocean Technology: Blue-Sea Thinking  (11 pages, 2018, required)

• 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, Yuval N. Harari (2018). NYT review here. You can access the full text in a browser-only digital format through the UW Libraries. Follow this link, log in with your NetID, click "EBSCOhost ebooks (single user access)". In the subsequent page, click "EPUB Full Text" in the left column and you will be able to browse through the entire text. Note that the license terms allow only one reader at a time, so you may encounter access limitations. You can also access a preview through Google, that lets you view the table of contents and some portions of Part I: The Technological Challenge. We recommend that you browse the Table of Contents and choose a chapter from Part I to read or skim through (strongly recommended)
• Research Priorities for Robust and Beneficial Artificial Intelligence (2015). Leading experts in the field identify the major research priorities necessary to ensure that the ongoing development of AI moves in the direction most beneficial to society at large (strongly recommended)

• ‍Elon Musk,  AI is a "fundamental risk to the existence of civilization" (2017) -- C-SPAN clip from the National Governers Association Summer Meeting (6 minutes, optional)
• BILL GATES: I DO NOT AGREE WITH ELON MUSK ABOUT A.I. "WE SHOULDN'T PANIC ABOUT IT" (2017) -- Elon Musk is increasingly out on his own with his doomsday predictions of a future where artificial intelligence threatens human existence. But Stephen Hawking is deeply concerned as well.... what is the issue? (optional)
• A 2020 VISION OF OCEAN SCIENCE (2009) - The cabled ocean observatory concept merges dramatic technological advancements in sensor technologies, robotic systems, high-speed communication, eco-genomics, and nanotechnology with ocean observatory infrastructure in ways that will substantially transform the approaches that scientists, educators, technologists, and policymakers take in interacting with the dynamic global ocean (optional)

Friday, 1/15 - Discussion 2

• Op-Eds From the Future. Read or skim a few of these articles -- most are quick reads. These are NYT articles, so you'll have limited access without a subscription. If you aren't able to access, here are one and two that you can read (required)
• Identify an emerging technology, sector, etc. that you see as fundamentally important to our future (for good or bad). Gather 2 relevant resources and come to class prepared to discuss them. In addition, think about how these technologies will replace or fundamentally change parts of your life that you take for granted. Is this a positive? A negative? Will it lead to resistance in the acceptance of the technology by society at large? Why? (required)

Monday, 1/18 - Martin Luther King Jr. Day (NO CLASS)

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Wednesday, 1/20 - Lecture 5:  Poetry of the Ocean, Art of the Sea

We encourage you to explore the links below in as much depth as possible, recognizing that there is a lot of material here. At minimum, seriously consider one poem, one piece of music, and one piece of visual art. Consider the medium, subject, style, and artist. What is the connection to the ocean and what message do you think the creator was trying to convey? How is this message achieved? How does it relate to your own feelings about the ocean, or to your perception of how the ocean is currently perceived in society at large?

Music and Poetry

• Walt Whitman's poetry in LEAVES OF GRASS - Subsection SEA DRIFT - scroll toward the bottom of the page to the entry "Song for All Seas, All Ships". Read this poem. It stimulated the renowned composer Ralph Vaughn Williams (Greensleeves, and Lark Ascending) to compose a powerful orchestral-vocal piece entitled Sea Symphony (video, 1 hour). You may find it useful to listen to a brief introduction and listening guide (2 minutes) or to read this summary. See also Eric Otto's challenging discussion ("Sea Drifting Toward Unification", analyzing Whitman's words in the sea-oriented portion of Leaves of Grass.
• Check out the Poetry Page on the VISIONS05 website for the TG Thompson Research Cruise in 2005- a cruise in the NE Pacific during which we used a Remotely Operated Vehicle (tethered submersible) to stream live HD Video, for the first time, around the world from the active hydrothermal systems on the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge.
• Claude Debussy's La Mer (24 minutes) consists of three symphonic sketches: 1)"From Dawn to Mid-day on the Sea", 2) "Play of Waves", 3) "Dialogue of Wind and the Sea" - Become familiar with the differences among these sketches - be able to discuss them in class. Overview/Guide from NPR  - (6 minutes). Consider Claude Debussy's Wikipedia page.‍
• Bedrich Smetana's symphonic poem The Moldau (video, 15 minutes) (Czech: Vltava) evokes the flow of the Vltava River—or, in German, the Moldau—from its source in the mountains of the Bohemian Forest, through the Czech countryside, to the city of Prague. A devoutly patriotic work, The Moldau captures in music Smetana’s love of his homeland. Completed in 1874 and first performed the following year, the piece constitutes the second movement of a six-movement suite, Má vlast (My Country), which premiered in its entirety in Prague on November 5, 1882. It represents a beautiful rendering of the flow of a small stream, then a river toward the ultimate ocean. Summary of the work here‍
• Victory at Sea - the Main Theme (video, 5 minutes) by Richard Rogers - Original Composer and Robert Russell Bennett - Conductor-Composer. A musical dramatization of role of Sea Power in winning the Second World War, mainly in the Pacific against the Japanese. It was very popular in the 1950's. Wikipedia covers much of the background of this major production, touching on the history, dramatic musical backdrop, and the movie/video involved. This documentary television series comprises an ensemble of 26, annotated, half-hour movies of the same name, first broadcast by NBC in 1952-1953. An typical example of one piece involves old WW II war film footage presented in a purposefully dramatic voice-over with its distinctive musical score, leading to the conclusion that Americans reversed the momentum of the Pacific Naval Conflict by winning the Battle of Midway (video, 27 minutes).

Visual Art

• Hokusai's most famous Thirty-six views of Mount Fuji (gallery)
• Paintings created by artists of the Minoan Civilization on the Island of Crete in the Late Bronze Age depict exquisite images of stylized boats in common use in the eastern Mediterranean.
• Winslow Homer painted a famous scene entitled The Gulf Stream showing a black man on a dismasted small boat surrounded by threatening waves and sharks with a storm and a schooner in the distance representing either destruction or salvation.‍
• The Ninth Wave by Ivan Aivazovsky captures the struggle to survive against the force of the sea. The title refers to a common seaman's expression meaning a single wave larger than the others. In the painting, the wave threatens to annihilate the tiny people clinging to their makeshift vessel.

Friday, 1/22 - Discussion 3

Search the internet for a painting, a poem, and a piece of music, related to the piece you selected for Wednesday's class -- you are free to define how they are related (artist? subject? tone?). Be sure it is not from the lecture materials, course syllabus, or your peers' posts. Come to class prepared to share and discuss each, by their own merit and the connection between them.

PROSPECTUS DUE BY MIDNIGHT (Canvas submission)

Monday, 1/25 - Lecture 6: Migrations, Trade, Piracy, Warfare

Humans in Australia > 40,000 BCE, Egyptians, Sea People, Phoenicians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, and the Mediterranean as “Mare Nostrum”. Arab, Chinese, Portuguese: “Riding the Monsoon”; Pirates Everywhere; Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.

The Sea and Civilization, Lincoln Paine, 2013, Knopf. You will read one chapter based on your last name (required):

• Chapter 3: Bronze Age Seafaring LAST NAME A-F
• Chapter 4: Phoenicians, Greeks and the Mediterranean LAST NAME H-K
• Chapter 9: Northern Europe Through the Viking Age LAST NAME L-M
• Chapter 13: The Golden Age of Maritime Asia LAST NAME P-Z

Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power, 2011, Robert D. Kaplan, Random House, Part 1, Chapter 1: China Expands Vertically, India Horizontally (required)

NYT Magazine web article (2014) - How historic claims to the South China Sea are playing out in real-time (required)

Brief readings (mostly Wikipedia and short articles, optional):

• Zheng He: 7 Voyages 1405-1433 (Ming Dynasty) - to Indian Ocean/Africa. The Yongle Emperor of China's new Ming Dynasty sent out the first of seven expeditions to visit all of the empire's major trading partners around the Indian Ocean.  The Ming treasure ships under Admiral Zheng He traveled all the way to East Africa, bring back emissaries and trade goods from across the region.  Long before Europeans "discovered" the Indian Ocean, traders from Arabia, Gujarat, and other coastal areas used triangle-sailed ships to harness the seasonal monsoon winds.‍
• Chinese Naval History‍
• ‍Early Naval Warfare in the Mediterranean and beyond largely set the tone for other naval engagements partly because the Med was often surrounded by powerful kingdoms that vied for dominance often. One of the earliest known engagements took place about 1210 BCE in which Suppiluliuma II, of the Hittites defeated a fleet of ships from the island of Cyprus. The Egyptians defeated the Sea Peoples in a crucial sea battle in about 1175 BCE triggering a Late Bronze Age collapse in the eastern Med of trading relationships that lasted until about 900 BCE.
• ‍Ancient Maritime History‍
• ‍Indian Ocean Trade Routes - Connected SE Asia, Arabia, India, and East Africa
• ‍Archaeology of a Piracy‍
• ‍Greek Fire development and use - First developed about 672 CE; used by Byzantines to fight off the Arabs for many years in Mediterranean Sea‍
• And the History of Gun Powder played a crucial role in determining winners and losers in Sea Battles

More extensive readings from The Sea and Civilization, Lincoln Paine, 2013, Knopf (optional):

• Chapter 12: The Medieval Mediterranean and Europe;
• Chapter 15: The Birth of Global Trade;
• Chapter 19: Naval Power in Steam and Steel.

Wednesday, 1/27 - Lecture 7: Projection of Seapower, Defense and Offense - Guest Chuck McGuire

Recognizing Patterns, The Importance of a Vigorous Idea Flux in the successful evolution of a global society.

Special Guest: Commander Charles McGuire, USN Ret, Graduate of Annapolis, Executive Officer on a Nuclear Submarine, and Chief Systems Engineer on Construction and Operations of the OOI Cabled Ocean Network off Washington-Oregon.

• Familiarize yourself with the Battle of Trafalgar (required)
• Sea Power, The History and Geopolitics of the World's Oceans (2017) - Admiral James Stavridis, USN, (Ret.).
• Read or listen to an interview with James Stavridis on NPR.org (required)
• Watch the Admiral's 2012 TED Talk. (16 min, required)
• Read the last chapter (9, "America and the Oceans") of Sea Power, which lays out a naval strategy for the twenty-first century (required)

Additional resources (mostly books for your consideration, optional):

• The Battle of Trafalgar, Bennett, G., Barnsley (2004). ISBN 1-84415-107-7
• The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660–1783, Mahan, A.T., Cosimo, Inc., 2007. Digital edition available through Project Gutenberg
• Asia’s Cauldron - the South China Sea and the End of a Stable Pacific, Robert. D. Kaplan, Random House, 2015. NYT Book Review
• Handbook of 19th century naval warfare, Tucker, S. T., Naval Institute Press, 2000
• The Law of Naval Operations, Robertson, H. B., Naval War College Press, 1991.

Friday 1/29, Discussion 4

Revisit your assigned chapter from The Sea and Civilization and be prepared to summarize it for your peers. In class, we will discuss and compare ancient use of the ocean.

Monday, 2/1 - Lecture 8:   Pollution, Plastics, Oceans, and Human Health

• Oceans and human health: Emerging public health risks in the marine environment (Flemming et al., 2006). This review paper from 2006 outlines the connection between the oceans and human health. This is a scientific article, but as a review it is not particularly technical and should be comprehensible even for non-scientists. (required)
• Towards a pollution-free planet (2017). This report by the UN Environment Program describes the challenges posed by global pollution, outlines current efforts to address pollution and suggest 50 actions to tackle the problem. "For too long, the relationship between prosperity and environment has been seen as a trade-off. Tackling pollution was equated to imposing costs on industry and curbing economic growth. Global trends are demonstrating that this is no longer the case..." Read sections 1 and 2; we will revisit 3 and 4 next week (required)
• Choy et al., 2019. The vertical distribution and biological transport of marine microplastics across the epipelagic and mesopelagic water column. A recent research article demonstrating the pervasiveness of marine microplastics. It is not important that you understand the methods in great detail, but rather should focus on the findings and interpretations (required)

Additional Resources (optional):

• NOAA's Guide to Plastic in the Ocean and  introduction to microplastics
• Ocean Link Northwest: storytelling to engage the public with issues of ocean health. Developed by UW Communication Leadership students
• Roger Payne on Pollution, Whales, and Us (video): What do whales have to do with pollution? How is pouring DDT down your sink connected to pollution in the ocean and in your body? In this talk from TEDxBeaconStreet Roger Payne, the co-discoverer of the whale song and MacArthur genius award winner, tells how pollution transfers through mammals, from generation to generation. Having led over 100 expeditions to every ocean and studied every species of large whale in the wild, Payne tells us that pollution is the biggest problem faced by whales. With more than one billion people depending on seafood as their primary source of animal protein, it's very much our problem too. Do you consider yourself an apex predator? You may after hearing this talk. In the spirit of ideas worth spreading, TEDx is a program of local, self-organized events that bring people together to share a TED-like experience. At a TEDx event, TEDTalks video and live speakers combine to spark deep discussion and connection in a small group. These local, self-organized events are branded TEDx, where x = independently organized TED event.
• Article and website exploration on Ocean-Health Index   An excellent summary of issues and a short video narrated by Harrison Ford on our ocean at a tipping point.
• Critically endangered whales sing like birds; new recordings hint at rebound (w/ audio) When a University of Washington researcher listened to the audio picked up by a recording device that spent a year in the icy waters off the east coast of Greenland, she was stunned at what she heard: whales singing a remarkable variety of songs nearly constantly for five wintertime months. (July 31, 2012)
• THIS PSYCHEDELIC NASA VIDEO SHOWS HOW CO2 SPREADS IN THE ATMOSPHERE - The data comes from NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) Satellite which was launched in 2014 to measure atmospheric CO2 at the regional scale. The observations-which cover one year, Sept 2014 to Sept 2015, were combined with high resolution weather model to give an unprecedented 4D view. A stunning visualization.

Wednesday, 2/3 - Lecture 9: Ocean Resources - Fishing, Oil, Gas, Minerals, and Renewable Energy

• INVESTING IN SUSTAINABLE OCEANS AND FISHERIES - (2013) This article from Huffington Post lays out in straightforward language the issues, and has a number of valuable hyper-links to related issues...Worth the time to review (required)
• Fisheries in Washington are unique in that they are co-managed by the State and by treaty tribes, as per the Treaty of Medicine Creek (1854). This document is a bit dated, but nicely outlines Treaty Tribal Natural Resources Management in the Pacific Northwest (required)
• DEEP SEA MINING - THE BASICS  - (2017) The deepest parts of the world’s ocean feature ecosystems found nowhere else on Earth. They provide habitats for multitudes of species, many yet to be named. In these vast, lightless regions are also found deposits of valuable minerals in rich concentrations. Deep sea extraction technologies may soon develop to the point where exploration of seabed minerals can give way to active exploitation (required)
• Explore the Renewable Energy tab of the U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management website (required)

• HOW ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CAN HELP KEEP OCEAN FISHERIES SUSTAINABLE - (2017) Cameras mounted on fishing boats combined with advanced machine learning can help better monitor legal and illegal catches, advocates argue (recommended)
• A truly wonderful, albeit long, overview of mineral and genetic resources in our oceans - 2017 Royal Society (recommended)‍
• Ocean Science Research is Key for a Sustainable Future - Martin Visibek, 2018 (recommended)

• THE STORY OF ATLANTIC BLUEFIN TUNA - (2017) The story of Atlantic bluefin Tuna is one of Intrigue, filled with international drama, mafia connections, and plot twists worthy of a movie. The main character - Thunnus Thynnus - is the largest and most athletic tuna, which can grow to the size of a small car and travel nearly as fast as one also. They are also warm blooded (optional)
• HOW OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION BENEFITS THE ECONOMY AND THE ENVIRONMENT - (2009) Conventional wisdom holds that offshore oil and gas production harms the surrounding environment. This blanket "wisdom" ignores the fact that the largest source of marine hydrocarbon pollution is offshore natural oil seepage. Keep in mind where this article comes from (optional)
• MINING ENZYMES FROM EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS - (2007) Advances in metagenomics have revolutionized the research in fields of microbial ecology and biotechnology, enabling not only a glimpse into the uncultured microbial population and mechanistic understanding of possible biogeochemical cycles and lifestyles of extreme organisms but also the high-throughput discovery of new enzymes for industrial bioconversions (optional)
• The potential for blue growth in marine fish yield, profit, and abundance of fish in the ocean (2018). "There is considerable room for increased profit in most of these fisheries from better management. Increased yield will come from rebuilding overexploited stocks, reducing fishing mortality on stocks that are still abundant but fished at high rates, and surprisingly from fishing some stocks harder." (optional)

Friday, 2/5 - NO CLASS

Instead, please prepare yourself for our field trip on 2/8 by browsing the SSA Marine website.

We will meet in the parking lot on the west side of OTB at 8:45 AM and anticipate being back around noon.

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Saturday, 2/8 - FIELD TRIP

Meet at the parking lot west of OTB at 8:45 AM. We will aim to have you back to the same location by noon.

Monday, 2/8 - Lecture 10: Global Commerce - Shipping, Ports, Environmental Impacts - Guest Steve Sewell

Our Visitor: Mr. Steve Sewell, has decades of experience using, managing and operating port facilities like Seattle. He will be visiting our GO-HC class today to discuss his sense of how modern ports remain competitive, and operate in a world where one must balance both the economic issues and the environmental issues, will remaining competitive in a global marketplace.

Note that though there are more required readings than usual, most of them are quite short.

• Malcom Brown TED Talk - How containerization shaped the modern world (5 min, required)‍
• REAR VISION: By Keri Phillips, August 2014 : How container shipping changed the world through globalization (required)‍‍
• Environmental Effects of Marine Transportation - from the book World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation (2019). This is a long chapter, and you need not read it all. Instead, select one of the high-level sections and read it in detail (Air Pollution, Spills From Ships, Garbage Management, End-Of Life Ship Disposal, Ballast Water Containing Aquatic Invasive Species, Underwater Noise, Ship-Strikes on Marine Megafauna, Effects on Terrestrial Habitat and Marine Ecosystems). Then also read the final section, Management Solutions to Address Environmental Effects of Marine Transportation (required)
• Study: Over USD 1 Trillion Needed to Decarbonize Shipping by 2050 (required)
• Climate Change Activists are Targeting the Wrong Industry (required)
• Fighting Shipping Pollution is Bad for the Planet (required)

• POLLUTION: Three steps to a green shipping Industry - Wan et al. (2016). "It is time to crack down on the emission and destructive development caused by vast container vessels that pollute air and seas." (somewhat dated, but recommended)
• Recent updates on sulfur oxides in fuels here and here (recommended)‍‍
• One alternative, cleaner fuel source is Liquified Natural Gas (LNG).PUGET SOUND ENERGY - AN LNG FACILITY Puget Sound Energy is building a LNG Facility at the Port of Tacoma. You can also explore the project website. Associated news piece and similar article with Kalama methanol plant (all recommended)‍‍

The resources below will not be covered in our discussion, but may be of interest to you:

• DIRE STRAITS:  Strategically-significant international waterways in a warming world, by Adam Goldstein and Constantine Samaras (June 2017). The global community can reduce tensions in these chokepoints by undertaking investments and initiative that increase resiliency to disruptions to food, energy and water systems in a warming world (optional)‍
• How Container Shipping could reinvent itself for the Digital Age - A fully autonomous transport chain will extend from loading, stowage, and sailing to unloading directly onto autonomous trains and trucks, with last-mile deliveries by drones (optional). See also: article on automation and the tradeoff between pollution and jobs (optional)‍‍
• The future of over-land container shipping: the Hyperloop (optional)‍
• Video: A vision for the future of autonomous shipping by Rolls-Royce. See more details on their plans for ship intelligence on their website (optional)

Wednesday 2/10 - Lecture 11: Global Networking - Cables, Satellites, Money, Trade

NOTE ABOUT THE READINGS: required reading materials are marked as such. Additional linked materials are Wikipedia links in case you need additional background.

SUBMARINE COMMUNICATIONS CABLE (required) - The first submarine communications cables, laid in the 1850s, carried telegraphy traffic. Subsequent generations of cables carried telephone traffic, then data communications traffic. Modern cables use optical fiber technology to carry digital data, which includes telephone, Internet and private data traffic.

BELOW: A cross section of the shore-end of a modern submarine communications cable. 1 – Polyethylene 2 – Mylar tape 3 – Stranded steel wires 4 – Aluminium water barrier 5 – Polycarbonate 6 – Copper or aluminium tube 7 – Petroleum jelly 8 – Optical fibers

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SATELLITE AND FIBER OPTICS IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS? -  Historically, satellites have not been a competitor to fiber in telecommunications, and were only used where fiber simply didn’t exist. This was known as “gap fillers”, which is simply where the satellite was used to fill the gaps in the coverage areas that did not yet have access to fiber/cable. (required)

How the Internet Travels Across the Oceans - NYT interactive article (2019). "People think that data is in the
cloud, but it’s not. It’s in the ocean." (required)

THE CABLED OBSERVATORY OFF WA-OR AS CONSTRUCTED - This lecture recaps the four earlier lectures, then describes in detail the 84 days at sea in the summer of 2014, during which most of the deployment of all remaining equipment and cabling of the NSF-supported Undersea Cabled Ocean Observatory took place on the various legs of the journey. Through the use of detailed animations the entire undersea operation can be viewed. Dr. Delaney describes the features of numerous equipment packages and indicated that 98 percent of the Cable Observatory is operational and returning data to shore in real-time. Dr Delaney weaves music, art, and undersea imagery to enhance the storytelling. (~90 minutes, optional)

You can explore the extent of the Ocean Observatories Initiative here. (required)

Additional cabled observatories (optional, for your interest): ALOHA (Oahu, HI), MARS (Monteray Bay, CA), NEPTUNE (Vancouver Island, B.C.), ESONET (E.U.)

(Optional) The future of realtime seafloor observation? SMART Cables aim to integrate sensor packages into pre-existing nodes in ocean-bottom telecommunications cables.

Friday 2/12 - Discussion 6

There will not be a formal class meeting, but Erik will be available in the classroom during the normal period to provide project help if needed.

PROPOSAL ESSAY DUE BY MIDNIGHT (Canvas submission)

Monday, 2/15 - PRESIDENT'S DAY (NO CLASS)

Wednesday, 2/17 - Lecture 12: Hazards - Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Hurricanes, Man-Made Disasters

Lecture by: Erik Fredrickson

This may look overwhelming at first, but there are only 1-2 required readings per topic, most of which are quite brief. For your Canvas post, you will be asked to read an optional resource of your choosing.

Earthquakes and Tsunamis:

• The Really Big One - (2015) An article by Kathryn Schulz; The New Yorker (required)
• How to Prepare for an Earthquake - FEMA document outlining what you should do before, during, and after a major earthquake (recommended)
• Early Warning Offshore Cascadia workshop report (April 3-5, 2017). This is a large, technical document outlining what a seafloor earthquake and tsunami early warning system would entail for Cascadia. I encourage you to read the Motivation and Benefits section and to check out the graphics. You can also peruse the project's website (optional)
• Dating the 1700 Cascadia Earthquake: Great Coastal Earthquakes in Native Stories Seismological Research Letters  Volume 76, No. 2, 2005 (optional)
• The Orphan Tsunami of 1700: Japanese Clues to a Parent Earthquake in North America (2005). A full-length book by Brian Atwater, USGS (optional). You can also listen to a podcast summary from Stuff You Missed in History Class (optional)
• 2018 Anchorage Earthquake - the USGS puts out some extremely high quality reports on major earthquakes (optional)
• Japan's Dense Ocean Network System for Earthquakes and Tsunamis (DONET) and Seafloor Observation Network for Earthquakes and Tsunamis (S-NET) cabled systems. These systems are far and away the gold standard for hazard-preparedness infrastructure (optional)

Volcanoes:

• 2018 Kilauea Eruption - Updates running from early May through the end of June, 2018 by the USGS. You do not need to read exhaustively, but should explore the content and get a sense for the scale of the monitoring effort (required)
• Scientists Fear Major Volcanic Eruption in the Philippines, Nature (2020). Activity on the volcanic island Taal has eased, but scientists say the threat is far from over (required)
• Additional references for Indonesian Volcanic Hazard (optional)

Hurricanes:

• Hurricanes and Climate Change: Everything You Need to Know (NRDC, 2018). Here’s a look at what causes hurricanes and how to address the threat of a wetter, windier world (required)
• Opinion: When the Levees Break Again (2019). Critical piece on New Orleans' levee system from Andy Horowitz, professor of political, cultural, and environmental history at Tulane University (recommended)
• Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present, and Future (2013) Read Introduction by  Richard J Murnane (optional)

Climate Hazards:

• NPR article (Jan 2019) on the recent Australian bushfires (required)
• Video (~5 min) on how the Indian Ocean Dipole affects Australia's climate (recommended)
• Broad Threats to Humanity From Cumulative Climate Hazards Intensified by Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Mora et al. (2018). This is a long article, but it's well worth checking out the figures (optional)

Friday, 2/19 - Discussion 7

We will be revisiting Week 5's theme of oceanic pollution and plastics. Please read sections 3 and 4 of Towards a Pollution-Free Planet. This document lists 7 actions to address marine and coastal pollution (#25-31). Make a list that orders these by their significance/impact if implemented. Make another list ordering by ease of implementation. In class we will compare our lists and try to reach consensus about how and when these actions should be implemented.

Monday, 2/22 - Lecture 13: Media and Communication

How Do We Portray the Oceans and Their Inhabitants in Movies, Fiction and Media? What Affects Does This Have on How We Treat the Environment and Our History? How Can Fiction Shape Our Reality?

• HOW DO WE COMMUNICATE (required) - How was information shared in the past? How did this affect the spread of ideas?
• HOW FICTION CAN CHANGE REALITY (required) - Think about works of fiction from different time periods, what do they tell us about the world at that time?
• IMPACTS OF MOVIES - BLACKFISH (required) - How has Blackfish affected SeaWorld's business? What are the potential pros and cons of this?‍
• IMPACTS OF MOVIES - JAWS‍

• THE SILENT WORLD (1956) (required) - Watch this series of excerpts:  (00:00:00 - 00:05:00 ), ( 00:14:00 - 00:16:00 ), ( 00:14:00 - 00:16:00 ), (00:26:55 - 00:28:30 )
• (optional) WARNING - some of these scenes are gory and/or I found them fairly upsetting. If you would like to watch them to get the full picture about The Silent World then you are welcome to but they are not required for class. - ( 00:23:00 - 00:26:00), ( 00:28:30 - 00:30:00 ), ( 00:48:29 - 00:52:00 )‍
• ODYSSEY (required, full movie)

Wednesday 2/24, Lecture 14: Law of the Sea - Past, Present, Future

How Well-Governed Could Ocean Space Be? Principal of the “High Seas”, Costs of Piracy, Law of the Sea, National Sovereignty, Exclusive Economic Zones,  Ocean-based shipping - Freedom of Passage.

• ‍UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA - (Wikipedia) Excellent Discussion for Lay Person on UNCLOS in Wikipedia… with abundant references, maps and commentary about the fact that the US has still not signed the Treaty… Pay special attention to the evolution of the Law of the Sea. Where do you think it should go in the future? (required)
• EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE - (Wikipedia) Definition of the EEZ for different countries. (required)‍‍
• Palau vs. the Poachers - NYT Magazine article by Ian Urbina, author of The Outlaw Ocean (required)
• UNCLOS full text - (one Section required, see Canvas for details)

• Dr. CRAIG ALLEN'S FRAMEWORK FOR OCEAN GOVERNANCE (recommended)
• C-SPAN discussion of UNCLOS - featuring John Moore, law professor at the University of Virginia (43 minutes; recommended)
• Law of the Sea Introduction Slide Set from Dr. Craig Allen (optional)

Friday, 2/26 - Discussion 8

HOW DO WE CARE FOR AND MANAGE A SYSTEM THAT NO ONE OWNS BUT UPON WHICH ALL DEPEND?

Monday, 3/1 - Lecture 15: Hydrothermal Systems: Discovery, Research, Implications‍

Guest Lecturer: John A. Baross (UW Biological Oceanography)

• The Microbiomes of Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents: Distributed Globally, Shaped Locally. Gregory J. Dick, 2019 (required last name A-K)
• Impacts of Deep-Sea Mining on Microbial Ecosystem Services. Beth Orcutt et al., 2020 (required last name L-Z)
• ‍Floor Show, by John R. Delaney, New York Academy of Sciences, 1998, 6 pages. Forged in volcanoes, nursed on sulfur, the first organisms may have evolved at the bottom of the sea -- here and on other celestial bodies. John R. Delaney, 1998 (required)
• Meet Luca, the Ancestor of All Living Things - NYT article, 2016 (recommended)

Wednesday, 3/3 - Lecture 16: The Deep Sea - Off-Planet Oceans & the Search for Life

Oceans in Our Solar System and Beyond:  Extraterrestrial Oceans - Can we go there? Should we go there? Europa, Enceladus, Titan, Triton,…. Ethical/Environmental Issues?  The Kepler Mission - and Alpha Centauri System, Trappist System.

• Special Guest: John A. Baross. Professor Oceanography, University of Washington, focused on Origins of life on earth, and the potential for life beyond earth.
• Astrobiology – a New Synthesis (introductory chapter 1), John Baross and Chris Impey in C. Impey, J. Lunine and J. Funes [eds.] Frontiers of Astrobiology, Cambridge University Press, 2012 (required)
• Hydrogen, Hydrocarbons, and Habitability Across the Solar System. Christopher R. Glein & Mikhail Yu. Zolotov (required)
• Gustave Holst - "The Planets", Op. 32, is a seven-movement orchestral suite by the English composer Gustav Holst, written between 1914 and 1916. Each movement of the suite is named after a planet of the Solar System and its corresponding astrological character as defined by Holst. With the exception of Earth, which is not observed in astrological practice, all the planets are represented: 1. Mars, the Bringer of War (00:00 - 07:21) 2. Venus, the Bringer of Peace (07:22 - 15:59); 3. Mercury, the Winged Messenger (16:00 - 19:51); 4. Jupiter, the Bringer of Jollity (19:52 - 27:49); 5. Saturn, the Bringer of Old Age (27:50 - 36:31); 6. Uranus, the Magician (36:32 - 42:14) 7. Neptune, the Mystic (42:15 - 49:01). (optional)
• Seven Alien 'Earths' Found Orbiting Nearby Star in Trappist System. Seven rocky planets orbiting a nearby star may be roughly the size of Earth and could even be right for water—and maybe life—to adorn their surfaces, researchers announced in Feb, 2017. (optional)

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Friday, 3/5 - Discussion 9

We will discuss the intersection between off-planet oceans and the other course themes.

Monday, 3/8 - Lecture 17: Soul of the Sea - How we got here and what to do about it

We expect you each to be well-versed in the complexities of this book and the strategic concepts toward which humans and machines might take us in the next 25 to 50 years... One of the illustrations/Tables from "Soul of the Sea" is attached below.

• Additionally, you should watch this interview (~30 min) with Yuval Noah Harari (author of Sapiens and 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, among others) on climate change, technology, and the power of stories (required)

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Wednesday, 3/10 - Presentations I

TBD

Friday, 3/12 - Presentations II?

TBD

WRITTEN COMPONENT DUE BY MIDNIGHT (Canvas submission)

Grades due - Mar 19 @ 5 pm